HUMAN LONGEVITY vs REPRODUCTION
Greetings,
My colleagues kindly made the first draft of the English translation
of this German publication (attached below).
If somebody here can suggest any corrections of this translation and
post them at this Discussion Group, this would be very much
appreciated.
Thank You Very Much !
Kind regards,
-- Leonid Gavrilov
Author of the book "The Biology of Life Span"
http://www.src.uchicago.edu/~gavr1/index.html#Book
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What Do Children Cost?
Life is like a cream cake - at least that is what biologists that
concern themselves with the lifespan of human beings believe. Over
and over again the parents have to decide who gets the next piece of
cake, they themselves or their offspring. This is because every
portion of its resources that an organism invests in its genetic
future also costs it something: time out of its own lifespan. An old
thesis on the ageing of organisms claims that the fewer offspring that
an organism produces the longer it can live. Researchers have
actually been able to demonstrate this relationship for fruitflies in
the laboratory.
Profs. Rudi Westendorp and Thomas Kirkwood of the University of
Manchester in England discovered the connection a number of years ago.
They also studied humans: Their investigation included Kings and
Countesses of the British aristocracy over the last few centuries.
They were well-suited, because they live similar to the fruit flies
but differently than ordinary people almost under restricted
‘laboratory conditions.' Besides, their genetic history is accurately
do***ented in ancestral albums. The fewer children the Countesses
and Duchesses bore, the older they became, the researchers discovered.
The source for their investigation was a database of English
Aristocracy, known by experts in the field as ‘Peerage Genealogy.'
In 1998, the British journal Nature published an article that was
considered for a long while as one of the most influential works in
the filed of aging research. "It was quoted ‘more than 70-times'
since its appearance," Leonid Gavrilov of the Center of Aging in
Chicago said. But he and his wife Natalia Gavrilova proved that the
results are not completely correct. Because they used Peerage
database, which is not as accurate as was once believed, as several
blue-blooded children seemed to be missing. Dr. Natalia Gavrilova
discovered, after more than two-years of puzzle-solving, through
references in letters and Birth Books that there were many children
who were concealed from the public record.
Antoinette de Bourbon, Grandmother of Maria Stuart, for example, had
brought into the world at least twelve children instead of her one
well-known child during the 90 years of her life. ‘However, if we
complete the family tree, the relation between ages and child-number
disappears,' said the Russian researchers at a conference of the
Population Association of America.
The criticism is confirmed now by Ms. Gabriele Doblhammer of the
Rostock Max-Planck-Institute for Demographic Research - but
nevertheless not confirmed: Doblhammer confirmed the gaps in the
Peerage database together with her colleague Mr. James Oeppen based on
a comparison with ‘Hollingsworth Genealogy,' one of the most extensive
for British Aristocracy. First, they did not find a cream cake
connection with this family tree. ‘But when we considered factors
like the state-of-health, it was revealed that, for women in the age
group capable of child-bearing, the connection exists nevertheless,'
capability of child-bearing. "The health factor otherwise masks the
actual ‘costs' of a lifetime of a frequent reproduction," said Eckart
Voland of Giessen University.
Dr. Leonid Gavrilov remains skeptical, however. ‘Why have the
Rostockers excluded such important data as women with very low child
numbers or childless families from their calculations?' If one picks
only raisins from the cake, a sought-after result is inevitably more
probable. The controversy over the distribution of the pieces of the
cake has not yet been determined.
MARCUS ANHÄUSER
(1) Proceedings of the Royal Society B (doi 10.1098/rspb.2003. 240)
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