alistair

for quarks of electric charge -1/3
rest mass = rest mass of down quark x n^2
where n = 1,3,5,7

for quarks of electric charge +2/3
rest mass = rest mass of down quark x n^2 x 2^N
where N = -1,1,3,5

The values of n^2 represent a circular area of magnetic charges (rest
mass is proportional to number of magnetic charges per quark) on the
cir***ference of which a single electrical charge orbits an
electrically neutral 3-charge nucleus.At n = 5 the density of magnetic
charges becomes so great that
the Pauli exclusion principle is overcome by gravity and the circular
area can contain ten times more magnetic charges than the equation
says it should at n=5.This is why the top quark and bottom quark have
such large masses.

The values of n^2 in the Bohr equation for the energy levels of atomic
hydrogen are also areas containing magnetic charges.The values of N
probably have their origin in the quantisation of angular momentum of
the orbiting charge or the
quantisation of the magnetic moment.

alistair

If n = radius of orbiting charge and the orbited charges have a net
electric charge and doubling the charge of the orbited particles gives
a doubling of radius then the following force laws arise:

when n=1 force = k1 x 1/r^3
n=3 force = k2 x 1/r^7
n=5 force = k3 x 1/r^11
n=7 force = k4 x 1/r^15

As the force decreases - on doubling the charge and the radius -
the velocity and magnetic moment of the orbiting charge decreases
and the rest mass increases.

This was deduced using rest mass = constant x electric charge/current
x Area
and noting, from experimental data for quark rest masses, that on
doubling the quark charge magnitude:

for n =1 rest mass halves
for n=3 rest mass doubles
for n=5 rest mass increases eight times
for n=7 rest mass increases 32 times*****

*****this is the rest mass increase at n=7 before the Pauli exclusion
principle is overcome by the gravity? of magnetic charges inside the
circle, which give an observed rest mass increase of 10 x 32 = 320
times.

alistair

For the relativistic doppler shift:

change in wavelength = (c - Vs) To / (1 - Vs ^2 /c^2)^1/2

where Vs is emitter velocity, c is speed of light and To is time.

Suppose change in wavelength was equal to just 1 / (1 - Vs ^2 /
c^2)^1/2

then (c - Vs) To = 1
c -Vs = 1 / To

c = Vs + 1 / To
c = Vs + frequency of emitted wave

I now suggest that for M = Mo / (1 - v^2 /c^2) ^ 1/2

that this relation is actually

M = Mo x (c - Vs) To / (1 - Vs ^2 /c^2)^1/2

when (c - Vs) To = 1
and c = Vs + frequency of emitted wave
[SI units are correct because a frequency = a velocity when wavelength
is fixed at 1 metre: v = lambda x f becomes v = f)

In other words a mass emits a wave as it travels through space at
constant velocity.The slower the mass travels , the greater the
frequency of the
emitted wave.A mass at rest would emit the highest frequency.
Because of this inverse doppler relation for a rest mass,a rest mass
moving through a sea of magnetic charges would keep moving at the same
speed -
Newton's first law!!

alistair

We can form a neutron from each of the quark families:
The quarks in a proton made of up and down quarks have a total rest
mass
(experimental) of 0.02 Gev.
The quarks in a proton made of charm and strange quarks would have a
mass
of about 4 Gev.This means that the quarks of a proton made from charm
and strange quarks are about 200 times (4/0.02) more massive than a
standard proton's quarks.And this is about the ratio of the mass of a
muon to an electron.
The quarks in a "proton" made of four top quarks and one bottom quark
(top,antitop,top,top,bottom)- a kind of pentaquark - would have a
total rest mass of,say,4x, where x is the mass of one top quark
(assuming bottom quark has a relatively small mass compared to
top).The ratio of a tau's mass to that of an electron is about
3200:1.Comparing the "proton" containing 3 antitop quarks and one top
quark to the standard proton of mass 0.02:
4x/0.02 = 3200
x = 16 Gev

using rest mass of a quark = n^2 x rest mass of down quark x 2^N
and N = 5 and rest mass of down quark = 0.01 Gev :
49 x 0.01 x 2^5 = 16

It seems that the rest mass of the top quark should be at least ten
times smaller than is experimentally observed (174 Gev).

This gives support to the idea that the top quark has a very large
mass because
the Pauli exclusion principle is being overcome.Otherwise its mass
would be 16 Gev as the lepton mass ratios suggest.

alistair

CORRECTION to my previous post:
Comparing the "proton" containing 3 antitop quarks and one top
quark

SHOULD READ:
Comparing the "proton" containing 3 top and one antitop quark..

epiphany214

With regards to your last/second-to-last post, I think your logic is
fine. I am not learned enough to critique it, but the question comes
to my mind is where does all of this additional mass come from?

You express that theoretically the top quark should be isolated at 16
or 17 GeVs, but you also state that in the labs they have been unable
to do so at any power below 174 GeV. Could this have anything to do
with a change in energy level while in motion relative to the change
in energy generated by, say, the bottom quark in motion? I mean,
technically there should be some exponential difference in that
relationship if you are examining a 'pentaquark.'

Maybe I didn't make any sense, but I am interested in this logic that
you have brought to my attention. What do you think accounts for this
additional experimental mass?

alistair

To overcome the Pauli exclusion principle, mass-causing fermionic
particles, inside a circlular area surrounding a nucleus of electric
charges, must become highly ordered and form one big boson like a
superfluid.Because a superfluid is non-viscous we would expect photons
and electrons to scatter off a top quark
and bottom quark differently to how they scatter off the other quarks.
Why does the density of mass-causing fermions increase ten times for
the bottom and top quarks? This must be the limit at which the
superfluidity can survive.We know that the bottom quark has a rest
mass of about 5 Gev and that current particle accelerators could take
the mass up as much as 200 times, to about 1 Tev.
But this doesn't happen, so the density increase of ten times seems to
be the limit.We can speculate that particles in the space around the
top and bottom quarks make superfluidity untenable above a certain
density because the
particles have a small enough wavelength to be absorbed by the
mass-causing fermions, and to split the fermions up.

alistair

The next quark in the series will be at n = 9 and it will have a rest
mass of
2 x 9^2 x 2^7 x 10 x 0.02 Gev = 4150 Gev = 4.1 Tev (if it is part of a
three-quark "proton")or 2.05 Tev (if it is part of a five quark
"proton").
The quarks at n =3 have not been detected.This could be because they
are sometimes mistaken for the strange quark and charm quark but there
is
also the possibility that at n= 3 an electrically neutral "neutron"
forms
but no "proton" (an uncharged "neutron" at n=9 would be undetected in
accelerator experiments).The decay rate of the Zo is not affected by
new quark families (the decay rate depends on the number of different
types of neutrino).
This could be because the non-existence of a "proton" at n=3 or n=9
would suggest neutrinos and antineutrinos do not exist for processes
of the type: "neutron" -> "proton" + "electron" + antineutrino.

alistair

At n =11 we would expect a quark of charge + 2/3 with a rest mass of
12.4 Tev (5-quark) or 24.8 Tev (3 quark).A 7-quark would give a rest
mass of about 37.2 Tev.

alistair

The additional mass comes from the space around the quark - it is in
the form of
mass-causing particles which are real (not virtual vacuum particles).
In the top quark and bottom quark there is just more mass squeezed
into
a given area -raising the density of space.I think this density
increase happens because spin 1/2 fermions team up into spin 1 bosons
which can live in the same space at the same time.Thus the rest mass
around a quark's electric charge could show superfluid behaviour (zero
viscosity) and this would be reflected perhaps in the scattering of
photons electrons etc. off the bottom and top quarks.